Planetarium Newsletter - August 2023
Cosmic Curiosities
"How can I hope to be friends
with the hard, white stars
whose flaring and hissing are not speech
but a pure radiance?”
- Mary Oliver, American Poet
"How can I hope to be friends
with the hard, white stars
whose flaring and hissing are not speech
but a pure radiance?”
- Mary Oliver, American Poet
“Black holes are the seductive dragons of the universe, outwardly quiescent yet violent at the heart, uncanny, hostile, primeval, emitting a negative radiance that draws all toward them, gobbling up all who come too close…”
- Robert Coover, American Novelist


The Old Copper Complex, also known as the Old Copper Culture, refers to the items made by early inhabitants of the Great Lakes region during a period that spans several thousand years and covers several thousand square miles. The most conclusive evidence suggests that native copper was utilized to produce a wide variety of tools beginning in the Middle Archaic period circa 4,000 BC. The vast majority of this evidence comes from dense concentrations of Old Copper finds in eastern Wisconsin.
This is due to the fieldwork conducted by Ritzenthaler and Peterson in the 1950s and Felipe and Dolores Latorre in the 1960s and 1970s.
“The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance; it is the illusion of knowledge.”
- Daniel J. Boorstin, American Historian